среда, 29 июля 2015 г.

Grammar 8: Next Steps

What's next?

Here are some possible next steps in your study of NT Greek:


1. Build your vocabulary. This is the most important step in building your feeling of being at home with the Greek text.

- Best recommendation: use a vocabulary app, just before bed and soon after you wake up each day. Learn the most frequent words first, then gradually add more and more. An app that works really well for this is called Shinun. Try it!

- Buy flashcards for the words occurring 50 or more times in the Greek NT. By learning about 320 words, you'll be equipped to recognize core word meaning for about 80% of the Greek NT. Learn new words at a steady pace, for example, 10 per week, and you'll be done in less than a year.

- Or download and use the memory-building illustrations at Visual Greek.

2. Read Greek in parallel with other versions, at Bible GT.

- Read simple sentences. In the beginner section, click "versions" and add the Greek Septuagint and Westcott-Hort with Parts of Speech. When you read a short, simple verse in your native tongue, read the same verse in Greek. Over time, this little bit of added practice bears fruit.

- Pick up high-frequency words. In the beginner section, click "versions' and add the "Greek Westcott-Hort Graded Reader." Then you can select words you'd like to learn (for example, all words that occur 50 or more times in the Greek NT) and see them in whatever chapter you are considering. When you read chapter in your native tongue, look over and learn one of the high frequency words that are in the corresponding Greek. Over time, this little bit of added practice bears fruit.

- Be on the lookout for short statements that you can use in everyday thinking and speaking. Here's one:

Εὐχαριστοῦμεν  τῷ  θεῷ πάντοτε  περὶ  πάντων  ὑμῶν...1 Thes 1:2

Say it out loud. Look for occasions to say it aloud. Now take the expression and adapt it in small ways, so you can use what you've learned in more contexts. For example, when speaking as an individual to another individual:

Εὐχαριστῶ  τῷ  θεῷ  περὶ  σού.

Or put together a short saying for daily speaking, such as:

Ἀγαπῶ  σε.

Then search in Google to see what you can find (you might even find a song).

3. Read (yes, read!) a grammar book, a chapter a week.

- Read a grammar book at a modest pace, for example one chapter per week. An effective beginning is Basics of Biblical Greek by Bill Mounce. You may opt to skip the "exegetical insights" sections and focus your study time on grammar and vocabulary. With 35 chapters, you'll done in less than a year. If you would like a set of lectures to go along with the book, you'll find them here.

- An excellent follow-on is Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics by Daniel Wallace. It's rich with Scripture references with minimal commentary; you'll find yourself spending good time in the Scriptures, even while learning some Greek grammar along the way.

4. Enroll and actively participate in a two-quarter or two-semester course in Biblical Greek, at a Bible college in the community in which you live.

5. Enroll and immerse yourself in a Living Koine Greek immersion course. This is especially helpful if your goal is to think in the language itself when reading the Scriptures. More, here.

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Grammar 7: Translate by Word Group

How to translate a verse.

Identify the word groups.
- Circle these structural signposts:
   - Preposition (starts a prepositional phrase)
   - No-article participle with a direct object (such a participle signals a participial phrase)

- Look at each red verb; does it have one of these before it? If so, circle each signpost:
   - Subordinating word: for, that, so that, as (starts a subordinate clause)
   - Relative pronoun: who, whom, which, that (starts a relative clause)
   - Infinitive (signals an infinitive clause)

- For each signpost, underline the words that go with it.

- From the leftovers, look for:
   - Subject, main verbHe speaks
   - Direct object (upon what an action is done)the Word
   - Indirect object (to or for whom an action is done)to the holy ones.

Translate each word group. Then translate the leftovers, too.
- Take into account the verse, its context, and other passages.

Refine.
- Consider what describes what.
- Check if moving some words or word groups would better convey what describes what.
- Improve readability, while staying true to the text.

Some word-group notes
clause: includes a verb
   independent: can stand by itself
   dependent: cannot stand by itself
   relative: starts with a relative pronoun (who, whom, which, that)
   subordinate: starts with a subordinating word (conj or adverb) for example: for, that, so that, as
   purpose: that [purpose] … ἵνα, one of the top 3
   reason: for [reason] ὅτι, one of the top 3
   result: so that [result] … ὥστε, occurs often
   adverbial: as … ὡς, one of the top 3
   infinitive: starts with an infinitive; may have an accusative subject (plus an object too)

phrase: does not have a verb
   prepositional: starts with a preposition; object completes it; maybe descriptive words too
   participial: participle, plus its direct object (before or after)

adjectival?
   describes: a noun or pronoun, or something functioning as a noun
   answers: which one, what kind, how many?
   hint: relative clauses are usually adjectival

adverbial?
   describes: a verb, adv, adj, or something functioning as an adv or adj
   answers: when, where, how, why?
   hint: subordinate clauses are usually adverbial


other word-group function?
   subject, direct object, indirect object, object of a preposition

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Why translate?

Why would one individually translate a verse from the Scriptures? Here are some of the reasons:
- As an act of worship
- As a way to slow down and consider what each verse in a passage says
- As a way to gain glimpses of truth, added understanding, by considering the Scriptures in a biblical language
- As a way to prepare to teach following this discipline: read the verse, say what the verse says, and then proceed to the next verse in the passage (hardly ever mentioning Greek in the process).

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How to translate: an example

To try this "how to translate" process out using an example sentence, click here. Start at the top of that page, then when you're ready for more, scroll down the page to see the example worked out in detail.

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How to translate: some verses

1 Thes 1:2
Εὐ¦χα¦ρι¦στοῦ¦μεν   τῷ   θε¦ῷ   πάν¦το¦τε   πε¦ρὶ   πάν¦των   ¦μῶν   μνεί¦αν   ποι¦ού¦με¦νοι   ¦πὶ   τῶν   προ¦σευ¦χῶν  ¦μῶν...

1. Identify the parts.
- Εὐ¦χα¦ρι¦στοῦ¦μεν  τῷ  θε¦ῷ  πάν¦το¦τε
- πε¦ρὶ πάν¦των ¦μῶν
- μνεί¦αν ποι¦ού¦με¦νοι
-
¦πὶ τῶν προ¦σευ¦χῶν ¦μῶν

2. Translate the parts.
- we give thanks to God always
- for all of you
- making mention
- in our prayers

3. Put the parts together and adjust.
We give thanks to God always for all of you, making mention of you in our prayers.

Figure 1

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1 Thes 1:5
¦τι  τὸ  εὐ¦αγ¦γέ¦λι¦ον  ¦μῶν  οὐκ  ¦γε¦νή¦θη  εἰς  ¦μᾶς  ἐν  λό¦γῳ  μό¦νον  ἀλ¦λὰ  καὶ  ἐν  δυ¦νά¦μει  καὶ  ἐν  πνεύ¦μα¦τι  ¦γί¦  καὶ  πλη¦ρο¦φο¦ρί¦ᾳ  πολ¦λῇ,  κα¦θὼς οἴ¦δα¦τε  οἷ¦οι  ¦γε¦νή¦θη¦μεν  ¦μῖν  δι’  ¦μᾶς·

1. Identify the parts.
- ὅτι τὸ  εὐ¦αγ¦γέ¦λι¦ον  ¦μῶν  οὐκ  ¦γε¦νή¦θη
- εἰς  ¦μᾶς
- ἐν  λό¦γῳ  μό¦νον
- ἀλ
¦λὰ  καὶ  ἐν  δυ¦νά¦μει
- καὶ  ἐν  πνεύ
¦μα¦τι  ¦γί¦
- καὶ  πλη
¦ρο¦φο¦ρί¦ᾳ  πολ¦λῇ,
- κα
¦θὼς  οἴ¦δα¦τε
- οἷ
¦οι  ¦γε¦νή¦θη¦μεν  ¦μῖν
- δι  
¦μᾶς·

2. Translate the parts.
- for our gospel came not
- to you
- in word only
- but also in power
- and in holy spirit
- and in full conviction
- just as you know
- what manner we became
- among you
- on account of you

3. Put the parts together and adjust.
For our gospel did not come to you in word only, but also in power, and in holy spirit, and in full conviction, just as you know what manner of men we became among you, for your sake.

Figure 2

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1 Thes 1:8
ἀφ  
¦μῶν  γὰρ  ἐξ¦ή¦χη¦ται  ὁ  λό¦γος  τοῦ  κυ¦ρί¦ου  οὐ  μό¦νον  ἐν  τῇ  Μα¦κε¦δο¦νί¦ᾳ  καὶ  ¦χα¦ΐ¦ ἀλλ’  ἐν  παν¦τὶ  τό¦πῳ  ἡ  πί¦στις  ¦μῶν  ἡ  πρὸς  τὸν  θε¦ὸν  ἐξ¦ε¦λή¦λυ¦θεν,  ¦στε μὴ  χρεί¦αν  ¦χειν  ¦μᾶς  λα¦λεῖν  τι·

1. Identify the parts.
ἀφ'  
¦μῶν
γὰρ  ἐξ¦ή¦χη¦ται    λό¦γος  τοῦ  κυ¦ρί¦ου  οὐ  μό¦νον
ἐν  τῇ  Μα¦κε¦δο¦νί¦
καὶ  ἐν  τῇ 
¦χα¦ΐ¦,
ἀλλ'  ἐν  
παν
¦τὶ  τό¦πῳ
  πί¦στις  ¦μῶν 
  πρὸς  τὸν  θε
¦ὸν
ἐξ
¦ε¦λή¦λυ¦θεν,

2. Translate the parts.
- from you
- for the Word of the Lord sounded out not only
- in Macedonia and Achaia
- but in every place

- your believing
- toward God

- has gone forth

3. Put the pa
rts together and adjust.
For the Word of the Lord sounded out from you, not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but in every place your believing toward God has gone forth.

Figure 3

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1 Thes 2:13
Καὶ δι
¦  τοῦ¦το  καὶ  ¦μεῖς  εὐ¦χα¦ρι¦στοῦ¦μεν  τῷ  θε¦ῷ  ¦δι¦α¦λείπ¦τως,  ¦τι  πα¦ρα¦λα¦βόν¦τες  λό¦γον  ¦κο¦ῆς  παρ  ¦μῶν  τοῦ  θε¦οῦ  ¦δέξ¦ασ¦θε  οὐ  λό¦γον  ἀν¦θρώ¦πων  ἀλ¦λὰ  κα¦θὼς  ¦λη¦θῶς  ¦στὶν  λό¦γον  θε¦οῦ ὃς  καὶ  ¦νερ¦γεῖ¦ται  ἐν  ¦μῖν  τοῖς  πι¦στεύ¦ου¦σιν.

1. Identify the parts.
Καὶ  δι
¦  τοῦ¦το
καὶ 
¦μεῖς  εὐ¦χα¦ρι¦στοῦ¦μεν  τῷ  θε¦ῷ  ¦δι¦α¦λείπ¦τως,
¦τι  πα¦ρα¦λα¦βόν¦τες  λό¦γον  ¦κο¦ῆς
παρ  
¦μῶν
τοῦ  θε
¦οῦ  ¦δέξ¦ασ¦θε  οὐ  λό¦γον  ἀν¦θρώ¦πων
ἀλ
¦λὰ κα¦θὼς ¦λη¦θῶς ¦στὶν λό.γον θε.οῦ,
ὃς καὶ
¦νερ¦γεῖ¦ται
ἐν
¦μῖν τοῖς πι¦στεύ¦ου¦σιν.

2. Translate the parts.
- and on account of this,
- we give thanks to God constantly,
- that after receiving the Word of hearing from us,
- of God, you received it not the word of men,
- but as truly it is the Word of God,
- which also works
- in you the believing ones.

3. Put the parts together and adjust.

For this reason also, we constantly give thanks to God, that when you received the Word of God which you heard from us, you received it not as the word of men, but as it truly is, the Word of God, which also works in you who believe.

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